The Role of Microbiome in Skin and Scalp Health

4 min readAug 27, 2024

By Shahara Lum

Over 100 trillion microscopic single-celled bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms combine to form the ‘microbiome.’ This microbiome acts as an ecosystem that plays a crucial role in maintaining the body’s vital systems in balance. When the microbiome is in harmony, it supports overall well-being. Notably, the microbiome is present throughout the body, including on the scalp.

The Skin and Scalp Microbiome

The microbiome of the skin and scalp is a diverse and intricate community consisting of a wide array of microorganisms. These microorganisms live in harmony, crucial in maintaining the skin’s protective function, regulating immune responses, and promoting overall well-being. The composition of the microbiome differs across specific areas of the skin and scalp and is affected by various factors like humidity, temperature, pH levels, and sebum production. Diet, hygiene practices, and exposure to environmental elements can also influence the skin and scalp microbiome. [1]

The scalp microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of your scalp and hair. It also leads to a stronger scalp barrier and healthier hair. On the other hand, a disrupted and unbalanced scalp microbiome can lead to dryness, irritation, damaged hair, and sebum buildup and may even hinder hair growth. [3]

Functions of the Skin and Scalp Microbiome

1. Barrier Protection

One of the main roles of the skin microbiome is to act as a protective barrier against pathogenic microbes. Beneficial bacteria, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, produce antimicrobial peptides that inhibit the growth of harmful pathogens. This microbial defense mechanism helps maintain the integrity of the skin barrier and prevents infections. [1]

2. Immune Modulation

The skin microbiome interacts with the immune system, playing a crucial role in immune regulation. Commensal microbes can modulate immune responses, promoting tolerance to benign microorganisms while enabling a rapid response to potential threats. This balance is essential for preventing chronic inflammation and autoimmune reactions. [2]

3. Maintaining pH Balance

The skin’s surface is naturally acidic, with a pH ranging from 4 to 6. This acidic environment, known as the acid mantle, is crucial for inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. The microbiome contributes to maintaining this pH balance by producing acidic by-products, such as lactic acid, during metabolism.

4. Hydration and Barrier Function

Certain microorganisms in the microbiome help maintain skin hydration and barrier function. For example, bacteria from the Cutibacterium acnes species produce short-chain fatty acids that contribute to the skin’s lipid barrier, preventing excessive water loss and keeping the skin hydrated and supple.

The Microbiome and Scalp Health

1. Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis

Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis are common scalp conditions associated with an imbalance in the microbiome. The yeast Malassezia is a predominant scalp microorganism that can overgrow under certain conditions, leading to inflammation, itching, and flaking. Maintaining a balanced scalp microbiome is essential for preventing and managing these conditions.

2. Hair Growth and Loss

Research suggests that the scalp microbiome may influence hair growth and loss. An imbalance in the microbial community can lead to scalp inflammation, which can damage hair follicles and contribute to hair loss. Conversely, a healthy microbiome supports a healthy scalp environment, promoting hair growth and preventing hair loss. [2]

Factors Affecting the Skin and Scalp Microbiome

1. Hygiene Practices

Excessive use of harsh cleansers, soaps, and shampoos can disrupt the natural balance of the microbiome, stripping away beneficial microbes and altering the skin’s pH. Opting for gentle, microbiome-friendly products can help maintain microbial balance.

2. Diet and Nutrition

Diet plays a significant role in shaping the microbiome. A diet rich in fiber, fruits, and vegetables supports a diverse and healthy microbiome, while excessive consumption of processed foods, sugars, and unhealthy fats can disrupt microbial balance.

3. Environment

Environmental factors, such as pollution, humidity, and temperature, can affect the microbiome. Exposure to pollutants can introduce harmful microbes and disrupt the natural microbial community on the skin and scalp.

4. Hormonal Changes

Hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can impact the microbiome. These changes can alter sebum production and pH levels, influencing the composition of the microbial community.

Microbiome-Friendly Skincare and Haircare

These products are designed to help maintain and improve the natural balance of microorganisms and promote healthy skin and hair. Some key characteristics of microbiome-friendly products include:

1. Prebiotics and Probiotics

Prebiotics are ingredients that feed beneficial microbes, promoting their growth and activity. Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria that can be applied topically to support the microbiome. Both prebiotics and probiotics can help maintain a healthy microbial balance.

2. Gentle Formulations

Products with gentle, non-irritating formulations that respect the skin’s natural pH and barrier function are essential for preserving the microbiome. Avoiding harsh chemicals, sulfates, and synthetic fragrances can prevent disruption of the microbial community.

3. Natural Ingredients

Natural and organic ingredients are less likely to disturb the microbiome compared to synthetic compounds. Ingredients like aloe vera, chamomile, and green tea have soothing and antimicrobial properties that support microbial balance.

To conclude…

Consider adopting a scalp-friendly diet by incorporating nutrient-rich dark leafy greens and cruciferous vegetables like broccoli. Including a balance of meat or meat alternatives such as beans and tofu, and consuming plenty of nuts and seeds can help support a healthy scalp microbiome. Conversely, foods high in sugar may worsen an imbalanced scalp microbiome. If you suspect that your diet is affecting your scalp health, consider getting a blood test to measure levels of iron, ferritin, and Vitamin D. It’s always advisable to consult with your doctor when addressing potential nutritional deficiencies.

Works cited

[1] https://www.happi.com/exclusives/the-microbiome-and-its-role-in-skin-and-hair-care/#:~:text=The%20impact%20of%20an%20imbalanced,and%20scalp%20psoriasis%2C%20concluded%20Townsend.

[2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30974503/

[3] https://monpure.com/blogs/news/scalp-microbiome-healthy-hair#:~:text=The%20scalp%20microbiome%20is%20vital,irritation%2C%20hair%20damage%20and%20more.

FOLLOW OUR SOCIALS:

Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/skincare-anarchy/id1522162686

Spotify Podcast: https://open.spotify.com/show/298oIu74qjd3pXaaBMDr19

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/skincareanarchy/?hl=en

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/skincareanarchhy/

Twitter: https://twitter.com/SkincareAnarchy

Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/Skincare_Anarchy/

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/skincareanarchy/